The Beginners Guide To Writing An Essay

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The Beginners Guide To Writing An Essay

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Essay Help Writing A Paper Service 24

Essay Help Writing A Paper Service 24 I've hung out as a writer in different positions, together with a stint as a journalist, but I'm ready to start out my very own consulting agency and provide enhancing and copywriting services to shoppers. I need to pursue a profession as a web-based content material writer, however do not have the time to commit to a four-year degree. I'd like a professionally oriented program that permits me to concentrate my studies in online media and advertising. Professional writers in fields corresponding to enterprise, marketing and healthcare can benefit from completing an internship. These adjustments have created a more competitive market for proficient writers with digital expertise. Nationally, the Bureau of Labor Statistics initiatives 2 percent growth for writers between 2014 and 2014. Learn more in regards to the occupational outlook in each state utilizing the map under. They create copy for particular audiences in numerous formats, together with white papers, social media posts, emails, blog posts, and fliers. They are content marketers with a eager understanding of how language can be used to convince readers, promote merchandise, and tell a narrative. The Master of Fine Arts in writing allows writers to singularly focus on growing their inventive writing expertise. Curriculum contains an emphasis (e.g. fiction, poetry, nonfiction) with coursework that teaches students about the theories of that emphasis, together with practical, real-world ability development. Bachelor’s degree packages usually require 4-years of full-time research and expose students to common education coursework and classwork of their chosen writing specialty. They may be referred to as upon to parse information and find the story inside that knowledge and write about it, so they should be able to perceive information and knowledge units. Reviewed By Brie Erikson on 25 Sep, The solely good factor that I found edubirdie which has met my requirements for my task writing and delivered the help on time. At this degree, the most common majors embody English literature, inventive writing and English with a writing emphasis . These writing levels supply students a number of academic pathways that may result in both work as a author or into further graduate research. Below is an outline of the different writing majors at the bachelor’s level. There are quite a few several types of writers, such as copywriters, journalists, novelists, net writers and editors. Writing professionals are broadly employed in several industries, ranging from academia to business, journalism to leisure. It’s a unique occupation, as a majority of writers are self-employed (roughly two-thirds), according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Along with superior writing abilities, it typically falls upon writers to do exhaustive research when writing, so that they must have superior research expertise as nicely. Future writers can also write for his or her yearbook or school paper to develop abilities. The Internet, on-line publishing and social media haven't only transformed publishing, but the whole communication trade as well. This disruption has led to the emergence of recent writing careers, these with a higher emphasis on Web writing, enhancing, and media production. The Association of Writers and Writing Programs is an organization that supports over 500 college creative writing packages, roughly 50,000 writers, and a hundred and fifty writing centers and conferences. Professional associations are an excellent useful resource for these actions and beneath is a list of organizations that support writers. Copywriting is a broad employment area and copywriters are employed in nearly each trade, from healthcare to promoting. As versatile writers, copywriters create content material that has an agenda, corresponding to promoting and public relations materials. Internships present college students with experience, applying their classroom-based information in actual-world tasks. Whether it is copywriting or journalism, future writers can hone their craft and develop new abilities by finishing an internship while in college. Prospective writers can develop a portfolio whereas they attend faculty. Submitting pitches to publications, and writing articles on “spec” , and writing for the faculty newspaper are three great methods to gain expertise and familiarity with the publishing business. A high school diploma or equivalent is the minimum instructional requirement to qualify for a majority of writing jobs. Coursework in English, reading and writing are essential.

Writing Essays

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Essay Writer Jobs, Employment

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Encountering the Animal-Alien Interspecies Communication in Octavia Butler’s Dawn and Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Lathe of Heaven - Literature Essay Samples

Scholar Carl Malmgren describes the common science fiction trope of alien encounters as â€Å"inevitably broach[ing] the question of the Self and the Other†¦The reader recuperates this type of fiction by comparing human and alien entities, trying to understand what it means to be human† (15). The alien can represent humanity’s fears of scientific and political cruelty (oftentimes entanglements of both), a symbol of various marginalized groups, and/or a metaphor for oppressive power (either as a human victim or a nonhuman agent of violence). As Heather Atwell and Elain O’Quinn write, aliens have become the scientific and technological avatars of a modern world, acting as humanoid mirrors through which inter-human relationships are scrutinized (45). In light of irreversible man-made environmental disaster and growing numbers of mass species extinction, perhaps it is necessary to revisit the SF alien not just as a stand-in for humanity, but also as a representa tive of human-animal relationships. Despite cohabitating Earth and sometimes bearing biological similarities, the human view of animals has always been one of presumed superiority from the natural world. Stacy Alaimo notes that â€Å"one English word, one Western concept—’animal’— somehow encompasses a vast array of creaturesbut it rarely contains humans (9). Viewing the SF alien as an animal, a new species integrating itself into Earthen ecologies, opens the possibility of bridging these troubled human/animal distinctions through new relationships where humanity is more conscious of their position within the environment and the impact their actions have on nonhuman others. Octavia Butler’s 1988 novel, Dawn, and Ursula K. Le Guin’s 1971 novel, The Lathe of Heaven, each present human-alien relationships that disrupt anthropocentric hierarchies by inserting themselves their nonhuman selves into human social spaces (both as agents and byproducts of manmade change). While most discussions of SF aliens focus on physical appearance, the estranging ‘alien-ness’ in both texts come from the aliens’ use of species-specific languages in the form of chemical exchanges and machine-produced translations. Language is one of the key tools humanity uses to differentiate itself from the rest of the animal kingdom, asserting their world-building identities through the categorizing (and subsequent other-ing) of human and nonhuman subjects alike. As Sherryl Vint explains, â€Å"language has the power to create the perceptual and experiential worldStructures that are imbued with power relations [emerge] from the difference between those who have the power to name and those who must speak in anothers discourse† (71). But what happens when our anthropocentric, hierarchical perception of language-use is unsettled by the presence of the alien subject and its own arsenal of communication tools? By analyzing the modes of primarily non-verbal communication Butler and Le Guin’s aliens use to interact with human beings, one can re-examine the alien figure as a embodiment of reflections on humanity’s historical treatment of animals, challenging presumptions of anthropocentric exceptionalism through the aliens’ biotechnological linguistic strategies and opening up the possibility of healing human-animal interspecies communication. When Octavia Butler’s human protagonist, Lilith, sees one of her alien captors for the first time, she can’t help but be horrified at Jdahya’s nearly featureless â€Å"flat gray skin† and the â€Å"darker gray hair on its headdown around its eyes and ears and at its throat,† later revealed to be rippling sensory organs that â€Å"move in response to [Jdahya’s] wishes or emotion or to outside stimuli† (Butler 11-12). As grotesque as these sea creature-like tentacles are to humans, the Oankali need them to â€Å"experience all of the world through their bodies,† acting as their primary source of perceiving and communicating with the world around them (Belk 374). The Oankali are driven to Earth not by the impulse to destroy (like Lilith’s generation of nuclear-annihilated humans), but rather the biological imperative to rebuild human life through the reformation of Earth’s ecologies and the genetic ‘correctingâ €™ of the surviving humans in order to reproduce and further the growth of their own kind (Butler 26). While Jdahya speaks to Lilith in English at first, this is an early strategy meant to help ease Lilith into the Oankali world (Butler 156). Ultimately, the Oankali are fluent in biochemistry. â€Å"By pushing the right electrochemical buttons,† Lilith tries to explain to her fellow humans, â€Å"it’s like a language that they have a special gift for† (Butler 169). Amongst themselves, although they can communicate verbally, the Oankali can send â€Å"messages from one to another almost at the speed of thoughtcontrolled multisensory stimulation† (Butler 105). Their symbiotic relationship with their living ship-organism, which â€Å"can be chemically induced† to perform functions and produce foods, can be likened to that of a human and a domesticated animal, one species bred and altered to fit the needs of the other (Butler 33). The Oankali exper ience the world differently than us—as seen in their chemosensory expressions which parallel insect secretions and other therolinguistic forms of â€Å"collective kinesthetic semiotics† mostly inaccessible to humans—but that does not mean that the way they move through the world is less ‘intelligent’ than humans, who rely on spoken and written language to articulate their experiences (Haraway 122). Through her depiction of the Oankali’s advanced language system, Butler destabilizes our measurements of nonhuman ‘intelligence’ (oftentimes based on how similar or different animal actions mimic human ones) by presenting the Oankali’s animal-like approach to communication as a different, yet not inherently inferior, approach to humanity’s ways of comprehending the world. In order to ‘speak’ Oankali, Lilith must submit to biochemical changes. Until Nikanj shares the characteristic of chemical marker communication with her, Lilith is unable to open walls, form rooms, and feed herself since â€Å"there were no signs she could readEach time they opened a wall, they enhanced they enhanced the local scent markers† (Butler 65). She’s aware of her own vulnerability, how she has to rely on the Oankali for physical and emotional sustenance, and even calls herself â€Å"Nikanj’s new pet† (Butler 55). This disorientation, this shift in power dynamics as Lilith finds herself among a community she doesn’t fully understand who want to use her genes and repopulate the Earth, bears unfortunate similarities to animals held captive by humans—an analogy which Butler, through Lilith, repeatedly returns to. When fighting off Paul Titus, Lilith says, â€Å"Animals get treated like this. Put a stallion and a mare toget her until they mate, then send them back to their owners† (Butler 93). She questions her own position in relation to the Oankali: â€Å"Experimental animal, parent to domestic animals? Ornearly extinct animal, part of a captive breeding program? Human biologists had done that before the war—used a few captive members of an endangered animal species to breed more for the wild population† (Butler 58). Lilith is no longer able to speak for herself in a traditionally human way. The Oankali-given eidetic memories and chemical secretions eliminate the need for reading or writing. Rather than fully adapt to human structures of communication, they alter the humans’ brain chemistry to fit into their own species-specific subjectivity. As Patricia Melzer explains, â€Å"the other becomes the norm, becomes the position from which decisions are made and from which control over others is exertedplacing us into the other (74). No longer the ‘dominant animal,â€⠄¢ Lilith finds herself repeatedly ‘mis-read’ in a language that is not her own. The Oankali, like humans imposing their own behavioral norms onto animals, choose to ‘listen’ to Lilith’s biological changes over what she speaks, leading to a loss in her personal agency at the benefit of the Oankali’s highly controlled genetic breeding practices. One such ‘miscommunication’ occurs when Nikanj impregnates Lilith at the end of the novel with a half-human, half-Oankali child. Despite Lilith’s pleas that â€Å"I’m not ready! I’ll never be ready!†, Nikanj appears to ‘know’ that she wanted to be pregnant with some of Joseph’s offspring after his death, telling her that â€Å"You’re ready now to have Joseph’s child,† effectively making Lilith’s decision for her (Butler 248). Like humans breeding animals, the Oankali, for the most part, only read the humans’ uncontrollable biological outputs, leading to miscalculations of human behavior and lapses in equal exchange between human and alien. In the Oankali’s embodied consciousness, Lilith’s body, not her voice, now speak for her. Le Guin’s aliens, known as the Aldebaranians, come to Earth from the far-flung corners of outer space as â€Å"natives of a methane-atmosphere planet† (Le Guin 132-133). When they encounter Dr. Haber for the first time, he notices that they are â€Å"encased in a [vapor-filled] suitwhich gave it a bulky, greenish, armored, inexpressive look like a giant sea turtle† and one of them speaks to him by raising â€Å"its left arm, pointing at him with a metallic nozzle instrument† through which English words (translated from the original Aldebaranian language) are emitted (Le Guin 121). While Butler’s humanoid Oankali have been analyzed by scholars in great detail, these sea turtle-like creatures â€Å"remain enigmatic black boxes† due to their refusal to be neatly interpreted as â€Å"human stand-ins, subsumed into and judged within the human moral framework† (Lichfield 375). Unlike the Oankali’s clearly stated biological imperative, Orr notes that â€Å"they had not yet made clear what they hoped for in return, why they had come to Earth. They seemed simply to like it here† (Le Guin 133). This confusion over the Aldebaranians’ reasons for arriving to Earth is not so surprising when we recall that this alien species is the two-fold product of George Orr’s effective dreaming. The aliens first appear on the Moon after Haber tells Orr to dream about world peace and Orr generates this alien threat to â€Å"to give us something to fight† (Le Guin 99). Then, in Lelache’s attempt to get rid of them by telling him to â€Å"dream that the Aliens are no longer on the Moon,† they peacefully land on Earth (Le Guin 111). Over time, the Aldebaranians take on the roles of shop owners, collecting â€Å"floatsam of the affluent years of America,† with no typical desire for world domination or biological human alterations (Butler 153). The Aldebaranians, technologically adapted to integrate into human society, fill the role of the Other previously vacated by Haber’s attempts to ‘fix’ and homogenize markers of human difference (like race) through effective dream manipulation. This allows readers to consider â€Å"alternative forms of social organization† where interspecies coexistence can uproot norms of human control over the environment (Malgrem 313). Since this species originates from a human subconscious, Le Guin’s human-alien relationship is one that is more harmonious than in most other SF works. As Orr notes, â€Å"It’s not surprising that the Aliens are on my side. In a sense, I invented themThey definitely weren’t around until I dreamed they were, until I let them be. So that there is—there always was—a connection between us† (Le Guin 155). While one would expect that the aliens would speak English, look and act more human than they do in their bulky encasements, the Aldebaranians rely on technological systems in the form of vocal nozzles in their turtle suits and their redistribution of human tools and technologies to translate their experience of the world into phrases humans can understand. This inevitably results in moments of alien-to-human miscommunication. When the aliens do speak, their messages take the form of ambiguous truisms, as seen in their first encounter with Dr. Ha ber: â€Å"Do not do to others what you wish others not to do with you,† or in their talks with George Orr: â€Å"Speech is silver, silence is gold. Self is universe† (Le Guin 121-142). When Tiua’k Ennbe Ennbe tries to tell George how control his ability to iahklu’ (effective dream), it gives him a copy of the Beatles record, â€Å"With a Little Help from My Friends† in an attempt to bridge their communication gap through allegory (Butler 154). Since the aliens retain their native tongue, certain words, concepts, and worldviews remain untranslatable. Orr tries to ask Ennbe Ennbe the literal meaning of iahklu’, but it replies, â€Å"Incommunicable. Language used for communication with individual-persons will not contain other forms of relationship† (Butler 153). Le Guin likens these differences of perception and expression to those between human and animals: â€Å"[Orr] was not even sure that they could see, that they had any sense or gan for the visible spectrum. There were vast areas over which no communication was possible: the dolphin problem, only enormously more difficult† (133). Dr. Haber (who embodies an anthropocentric worldview of environmental and social transformation) has doubts about whether the Aldebaranians even have conscious dreaming abilities since human-based forms of measuring such activity prove indeterminate: â€Å"We simply haven’t licked the communications problem there. They’re intelligent but Irchevsky, our best xenobiologist, thinks they may not be relational at all, and that what looks like socially integrative behavior among humans is nothing but a kind of instinctual adaptive mimicry’† (Le Guin 166-167). While Haber takes these failed tests as a sign that the aliens are psychologically inferior, Orr embraces their untranslatable qualities, finding a connection within the two species’ different views of the world: â€Å"They’re a lot m ore experienced than we are at all thisThey are of dream time. I don’t understand it, I can’t say it in words. Everything dreams† (Le Guin 167). Orr’s new approach to understanding the Aldebaranians marks a shift in how humanity locates itself within the environment: â€Å"A conscious mind must be part of the whole, intentionally and carefully—as the rock is part of the whole unconsciously† (Le Guin 168). As seen with his retention of the phrase â€Å"Er’ perrhnne’† to control his dreams, Orr finds himself in a harmonious relationship where one species does not try to fully translate each other, but rather just listen to and adapt to each other’s unique point of view. While Haber succumbs to his own inability to manipulate George’s dreams and completely ‘repair’ humanity’s problems by forcing his selfish will onto the environment, â€Å"Orr stays sane because he respects the existence an d integrity of the Other (Malgrem 316). After Orr mends the unravelling fabric of reality with his enlightened dream-intervention, he exchanges words with one of the aliens, mimicking their curious, technologically-mediated manner: â€Å"‘Sleep that knits up the ravell’d sleave of care,’ it said. ‘To sleep, perchance to dream; aye, there’s the rub,’ Orr replied† (Le Guin 178). By learning to speak the language of the Aldebaranians, Orr positions himself not as above them, as seen in humanity’s traditional interactions with animals, choosing more wholistic multi-species environmental networks instead. In both stories, set in worlds decimated by man-made environmental destruction, Le Guin and Butler use alien communication and its non-normative modes of consciousness, expression, and subjectivity to challenge humanity’s presumed hierarchical position over other species. As Gordon Litchfield writes of animal-aliens, â€Å"these scenarios force us to question whether we could encounter a species with whom communication is in principle impossible. If in more conventional sci-fi the aliens challenge our moral precepts, here they challenge our philosophical ones, asking us whether concepts we consider universal truly are so† (375). Both protagonists are confronted with forms of intelligence and expression that are physically (through the aliens’ uncanny lack of ‘mouths’) and socially (as they have to integrate these strangers into their respective altered worlds) non-normative. By shifting power relations to where mankind now finds itself at the will of the Oankali and their biological literacy, Butler â€Å"undermines the privileged position of humans,† causing Lilith to reflect on how animals have been historically treated as tools and test subjects within human society (Melzer 71). While the arrival of Le Guin’s aliens are less violent (and not actually from outer space), they too integrate themselves into human life through unusual means. Speaking through mechanized suits that both sustain their bodies and translate their words, the Aldebaranians offer their services both as new economic contributors to help rebuild Earthen society and as guides to George Orr as he seizes control over his effective dreaming by learning some of their native language. Through his interactions with them, Orr is forced to reexamine ruinous human assertions of dominance over non-human entities which take the shape of Haber’s anthropocentric reality-bending. Perhaps it is not so surprising that many ‘miscommunications’ occur over course of each novel. Moments where agency is lost (like Lilith’s forced impregnation) and where barriers of difference arise from misunderstandings (like Haber’s disavowal of alien intelligence due to inconclusive testing), come from a refusal to listen and adapt to the animal-alien’s special approach to the world. Animal studies scholar Sherryl Vint scrutinizes this sense of human-animal alienation by pointing out â€Å"that it is not that animals cannot or are not speaking, but rather that they do so in a language that is so alien to humans that we cannot understand it. This is because language is integrally tied to a form of life, produced by concrete and embodied experience that varies among species (68). Technological advancements that try to conform one species’ ‘speech’ into the norms of another—like the fictional Aldebaranian translating suit s and the Oankali’s biological manipulations to give Lilith access to their living ship—can only unite humans and nonhumans together so much as any embodied context of the animal-alien’s ‘language’ is lost in this mechanized act of translation. To prevent further lapses in understanding and possible loss of agency, Butler and Le Guin’s alien presences suggest that one must listen to not only what these Others have to say, but how they say it. All the miscommunications among the humans and aliens within these novels, and these extrapolations onto human-animal relationships, leads to the inevitable question: What might human-animal interconnectedness look like? Is multi-species coexistence even attainable in our anthropocentric society? Through the creation of the Oankali and the Aldebaranians, Le Guin and Butler offer us two varying blueprints for how to proceed with healing the troubled divisions between man and animal. The Oankali demonstrate a form of â€Å"storying [which] cannot any longer be put into the box of human exceptionalism† as they articulate new human-alien hybrid worlds through gene manipulation techniques which parallel modern-day scientific practices (Haraway 39). As innovative as their bio-language is, it’s important to remember that Butler’s human-alien relationship is not always an equal, mutually-beneficial. Lilith’s inability to regain control over own body and depravity of familiar forms of verbal communication among the Oankali speaks to the violent loss of animals’ agency when humans impose their will onto the landscape for anthropocentric gain. The Aldebaranians’ behavior is reminiscent of something Vint notes, that â€Å"the recognition of communication in others is one of the key ways that we might begin to rethink and change our relationships with other species and thus produce a more ethical world† (71). Humanity relies on animals to grow and sustain local and global, environmental and socioeconomic ecosystems, yet we have difficulty acknowledging these other species as fellow subjects with their own stories to tell through nonhuman languages. George Orr’s interaction with the Aldebaranians prove that technological innovation is not enough to bridge gaps in communication. One must embrace perspectives of the world that cannot be translated by human means to create a sense of unity that is strengthened by interspec ies difference. By presenting their alien subjects in their own native languages, where humanity must adapt physically and mentally to meet these new conditions, Le Guin and Butler complicate the persistence of authoritative anthropocentrism. Yes, these moments of interspecies communication and translation are sometimes difficult and oftentimes far from perfect. But in a time when humanity can no longer escape the consequences of its ongoing destructive transformation of the planet’s landscape for selfish gain, these speculative stories of human and alien encounters unsettle historical hierarchies and signal a healing movement forward. Works Cited Alaimo, Stacy. â€Å"Animal.† Keywords for Environmental Studies, edited by Joni Adamson et al., NYU Press, 2016, pp. 9–13. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15zc5kw.7. Belk, Nolan. â€Å"The Certainty of the Flesh: Octavia Butlers Use of the Erotic in the Xenogenesis Trilogy.† Utopian Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 2008, pp. 369–389. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20719917. Butler, Octavia. Dawn. Warner Books, New York, 1988. Print. Haraway, Donna. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chtulucene. Duke University Press, Durham, 2016. Print. Le Guin, Ursula K. The Lathe of Heaven. Scribner, New York, 1971. Print. Lichfield, Gordon, et al. â€Å"The Aliens Are Us: The Limitation That the Nature of Fiction Imposes on Science Fiction about Aliens.† ETC: A Review of General Semantics, vol. 72, no. 4, Oct. 2015, pp. 372–378. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?qurl=https%3a%2f%2fsearch.ebscohost.com%2flogin.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26db%3dehh%26AN%3d121025628%26site%3dehost-live%26scope%3dsite. Malmgren, Carl D. â€Å"Orr Else? The Protagonists of LeGuins ‘The Lathe of Heaven.’† Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, vol. 9, no. 4 (36), 1998, pp. 313–323. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43308369. Malmgren, Carl D. â€Å"Self and Other in SF: Alien Encounters.† Science Fiction Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1993, pp. 15–33. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4240211. Melzer, Patricia. Alien Constructions : Science Fiction and Feminist Thought, University of Texas Press, 2006. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/columbia/detail.action?docID=3443163. OQuinn, Elaine,J., and Heather Atwell. Familiar Aliens: Science Fiction as Social Commentary. ALAN Review, vol. 37, no. 3, 2010, pp. 45-50. ProQuest, http://ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/749504728?accountid=10226. Vint, Sherryl. Animal Alterity: Science Fiction and the Question of the Animal. : Liverpool University Press, June 20, 2013. Liverpool Scholarship Online. Date Accessed 13 Dec. 2018 . Yampell, Cat. â€Å"When Science Blurs the Boundaries: The Commodification of the Animal in Young Adult Science Fiction.† Science Fiction Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, 2008, pp. 207–222. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25475139.

John Smith vs. William Bradford Essay - 1124 Words

John Smith vs. William Bradford Laura Ward To many Europeans in the early 17th century the Americas seemed as a new land of opportunity. John Smith and William Bradford were two of the first men who left England seeking adventure and freedom in the New World. Both groups had difficulties while trying to form their colonies and Smith and Bradford were both elected to lead. While they were both great leaders they had very different lives before their journey from England. While starting their new colonies they also took different approaches to making the land habitable. One of the most notable differences between John Smith and William Bradford was their writing style. John Smith and William Bradford were very different people in†¦show more content†¦Smith returned to England in 1609 after being accidentally being wounded. John Smith had a very interesting writing style; he was able to add his own special flourishes to his work while keeping it informative. His journal was a way for him to encourage more people to come to Jamestown or settle their own colonies. In his journal he often glossed over the bad things that happened or explained that all of the problems were due to inexperience. His journal showed all of the adventure but little of the consequences and there were several times that he could have died. Smith was an egoist and his writing reflects the way he would build himself up though several of the events in his journal that are unlikely to have ever happened. William Bradford, like Smith, was born in England and became an orphan young in his life. In his youth he lived with several different family members but never stayed anywhere too long. When he was 12 years old he began attending a separatist church the neighboring town of Scrooby. By the time he was 17 he was a full member of the church and considered separating from the official Church of England. 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Moral Responsibility and Motivational Mechanisms

Question: Discuss about the Moral Responsibility and Motivational Mechanisms. Answer: Introduction: The engagement of the employees in the organisation is very important for the growth and the success of the company or an organisation. The involvement of the employees within the organisation, helps the employees to be focused on the clear goals, empowered, trusted, receiving constructive and the regular feedback, support of the new skill development and get recognition for the achievements (Chandani et al., 2016). The emotional connection of the employees towards the organisation, tend to influence the behaviour of the employee and also increases the efforts towards the activities related to the work. The more the engagement of the employee in the organisation, the more are the efforts of the employee for achieving the goals of the organisation. The employee engagement also includes the job nature itself, the individual feels mentally stimulated; communication and the trust between the management and the employee; the employee's ability to contribute towards the company performance with the better job performance; it also increases the growth opportunities within the company. Employee engagement also results in increasing the pride level of the individuals about the job or the work which relates to the organisation. (Vestal, 2012) The better performance of the organisation is based on the integrity, trust, the commitment between the two and with the better communication between the employees and the organisation (Arruda, 2016). In this case, the implementation of the new process of the different hierarchy system resulted into no direct interaction of the management with the junior staff members of the company which as a result affected the growth of the company. The two-way communication in an organisation results into the higher chances of the company growth, contributing to the individual and the organisational performance, well-being, and the productivity. The employee engagement during the Tim working period was in a great way, there was no hierarchy level and a great communication happens between the consultants and the In this case scenario in spite of the employees of the XYZ company were getting handsome wages still were not motivated towards the organisation because of the absence of the employee recognition, prestige, and status.The employees were not getting good interaction with the seniors which were managed by the Tim in a better way. The employees were also lacking the peace and the comfort. This results in the lack of the motivational tools among the employee. According to the Maslow Theory among the employees of the XYZ consultants, the self-actualization, and the self-esteem is absent. The Alderfers theory states that the employee motivation includes the three core needs, which are the relatedness, existence, and growth.The Fiona decision of removing the performance bonus also works against the employee motivation towards the organisation goals. As these incentives and bonuses act as motivational factors and increases the employee engagement in the organisational objectives and goals. H ence, the employees according to the Maslow theory of rewards were also not happy and frustrated with the rewarding concept of the organisation. Fiona new leadership Environment: In the old organisation, Tim used to follow the open management style which develops, the better and open communication between the employees, whereas Fiona applied the Hierarchy system which developed the communication gap between the employees and the management. Tim used to resolve the issues as they happened in the organisation and the Friday meetings were held which helps in resolving the organisational issues and give a clear expectation of the Tim for his clients. Tim focused on dividing the equal workload among the employees, which resulted in the healthier work-life balance which was missing at the time of Fiona management. The organizational behaviour is able to play a vital role refer the organizational development and the overall performance of the organization. Organizational behaviour also assists in the enhancement of the individual and the group satisfaction, performance, and the commitment. The senior management, whoever wants the comprehensive success of their concerned organization refers the corporate world; they are also required to properly understand the behaviour of the organization (Heather, 2005). The organization behaviour assists the organization so as to be much more effective. The organizational behaviour refers a manner or way which helps in properly recognizing all kinds of the behaviour of the staff and also to carefully identify the connection with the all other staff in a company. Thus, it is also beneficial for any of the organization to increase its advantages and the proper innovation. The motivation has been a conceptual fact that is essential to get to know the behaviour of the organization plus the organisational performance (Heather, 2005). Hence, it is vital for the organisational management to carefully understand the factors which are responsible for the motivational factor. It is an important tool by which the concerned managers are able to find out the most effective outcome by their staff and increasing the performance refer the company. The external and internal factor raises the desire and the commitment among the individual for the best performance outcome (Kocherlakota, 2015). Organisational Theory and Equity Theory of Motivation: The organisational management is required to judge the proper behavior of the staff by his activities refers the organization. The analysis declares and finds out that the meeting and also the talking to the seniors, plus the sharing of the experiences with their seniors is also a way to develop the interpersonal skills of the staff in a company. The absence of the communication that lies between the staff and the management result into the inadequate growth of the organisation, and the misunderstanding also rises among the staff and the management and this also acts as a hurdle in reach and every aspect of the workings. by providing the appropriate platform for the staff to discuss their feelings, the organisation is sure to get the success in the future (Houger, 2015). This also enhances the faith level of the employees of the organisation and results into the merry working atmosphere all around. Such kinds of the improvements are required for the overall growth of the organisation , in both shorter and the longer terms. The motivation theory of the equity gives the idea that the staff members are to be motivated by the acts of fairness which are performed by the organisation and the retention level of the staff also is mostly dependent on the equality concepts, which are operated by the organisation. In this case, there was no equivalent distribution of the workload and the wages among the staff. The staffs with the better wages are still dissatisfied with the jobs because having no further time for the professional development. Fiona Immediate Changes: The changes which the Fiona must follow are the better communication with the employees of the organisation in spite of the designation. The decision of the Fiona must not be biased rather it should be based on the facts. This will help in the application of the Herzberg theory of Motivation which includes the two factors Hygiene and the motivation. Motivation helps in the job satisfaction of the employees towards their job and will motivate the employee towards the business objectives of the organisation (Steadman, 2011). Fiona must also follow the work-life balance, so the equal workload is distributed among the employees. The performance balance shall also be followed as reward act one of the best motivators for the employees. References Arruda, C. (2016). What Kind of Theory is the Humean Theory of Motivation?.Ratio. Chandani, A., Mehta, M., Mall, A., Khokhar, V. (2016). Employee Engagement: A Review Paper on Factors Affecting Employee Engagement.Indian Journal Of Science And Technology,9(15). Heather, N. (2005). Motivational interviewing: Is it all our clients need?.Addiction Research Theory,13(1), 1-18. Houger, V. (2015). How Program Design Affects Program Performance and Participant Motivation.Performance Improvement,54(7), 10-18. Kocherlakota, S. (2015). Employee Commitment: A Giant Leap in Employee Engagement.OPUS,6(1). Steadman, J. (2011). Moral Responsibility and Motivational Mechanisms.Ethic Theory Moral Prac,15(4), 473-492. Vestal, K. (2012). Which Matters: Employee Satisfaction or Employee Engagement?.Nurse Leader,10(6), 10-11.

McCarthyism Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible, John Proctor

McCarthyism In The Crucible In The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, the madness of the Salem witch trials is explored in great detail. There is more to the play than the witch trials, though. The Crucible was composed during a time when a similar hysteria was sweeping through America. A virtually unkown senator by the name of Joseph McCarthy was propelled into infamy when while at a speaking engagement at thee Republican Women's Club of Wheeling, West Virginia he charged 205 persons in the U.S. State Department of being members of the Communist Party (Martine 8). Fear caused the American people to succumb to the preposterous charges brought forth by McCarthy displaying resemblance's to that of the Salem community in 1692 (Carey 51). In Arthur Miller's play The Crucible, there is evidence of parallels between the Salem of 1692 and America of the 1950's, the American Government of the 1950's and its misuse of power, and the high court depicted in the play, using its power to impose a misguided justice. The Crucible takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in the spring of 1692 in a village shrouded with chaos. The people of Salem were in uncertain times. Just a year earlier a witch in the nearby town of Beverly was executed and now the witch hysteria had spread to their village. Confused, the people didn't know who to blame whether it be the girls, the negro slave, or even the Devil himself. The insanity that came about was an indication of the fear of "individual freedom" (Miller 6). In The Crucible, hysteria and hidden agendas break down the social structure and then everyone must protect themselves from the people that they thought were their friends. The church, the legal system, and the togetherness of the community died so that the girls and their families social status might be protected. The fact that Salem was a Puritan community did not help matters either. Puritans were a strict religous group that tolerated no devious behavior. Being isolated from any other group of people with different beliefs created a church led Puritan society that was not able to accept a lot of change. Anyone who was not in good standing with the church was not even allowed in the community (Carey 42). They believed God elected those who were to go to Heaven by the same token though they believed the Devil could choose his disciples also (Carey 43). Puritans deemed anything pleasurable was motivated by and came directly from the Devil. When The Crucible was written, the American society was threatened by communism much like Salem was threatened by witchcraft (Bly 32). On September 23, 1949, President Truman reported that the Soviet Union had developed an atomic bomb striking fear into the American nation (Martine 8). Miller even acknowledged this fear when he said, " America had just finished fighting World War II with the help of the Soviet Union against the Germans and now they felt threatened by them, knowing not wether they were still allies or if another war was inevitable. The war made people wary of communism. What Hitler had done was ugly. Americans feared this ugliness. "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live" (Exodus 22:18). The puritans of Salem definitely believed in witches and gaurded against them just as the Bible told them so, executing them. Once a person was accused as a witch the only way to live was to turn back to God by repenting and revealing names of other witches so that they might repent or be vanquished (Bly 88). Judge Danforth was devoted to the prosecution of witches. When he arrives in the town of Salem, Danforth sets in motion acts that "bring about an evil destructive state of chaos" (Carey 15). He believed he inherited his authority directly from God, and therefore carried on the witchhunt mercilessly (Bly 33). He did not give up easily; once he decided someone was a witch he would not rest until a confession was made as is evident in the following quote: "Will you confesss yourself befouled with Hell, or do you keep that black allegiance yet?" (Miller 111). Danforth may have had too much power also; being the Deputy Governor of Massachusetts, Danforth had the power to try, convict, and execute anyone he decide was a witch" (Bly 27). When writting The Crucible, Arthur Miller chose to speak through John Proctor on of the Salem witch trials victims. Miller uses Proctor as his character that defies the authority of the judges and their corrupt power

A Syntax Analysis of In Cold Blood essays

A Syntax Analysis of 'In Cold Blood' essays In the early hours of November 15, 1959, Herb Clutter, a prosperous farm owner in the city of Holcomb, Kansas, was brutally murdered with his wife and two of their four children. Fascinated by the lack of motive and evidence, author Truman Capote traveled to Kansas in the company of his friend Harper Lee to write award-winning In Cold Blood, a book detailing the four murders. With his elaborate sentence structure and one-of-a-kind seen syntax, Truman Capote was able to successfully reconstruct the murders and depict the capture, trial, and execution of the two killers, Richard Dick Hickock and Perry Smith. Capote structurally divides In Cold Blood into four titled sections: The Last to See Them Alive, Persons Unknown, Answer, and Corner. Within each lengthy section, the narrative switches back and forth between several characters, demonstrating the different experiences of each individual. In a small chapter in The Last to Them Alive, Capote describes the Clutters family home before becoming a murder scene. He writes, The furniture of the den, a cement-floored room that ran the length of the house, consisted almost entirely of examples of his [Kenyon] carpentry (shelves, tables, stools, a ping-pong table) and Nancy's needlework (chintz slip covers that rejuvenated a decrepit couch, curtain, pillows bearing legends: Happy? and You Don't Have To Be Crazy To Live Here But It Helps)" (38). In this passage, Capote utilizes parenthetical phrases to better develop the lifestyles of Kenyon and Nancy Clutter, two of the four murder victims. Although it may be argued that the surplus of such d etails is unnecessary, this sentence structure grants the reader an opportunity to learn more about the characters behaviors. By learning of the innocence of the young victims showcased above, the readers can sympathize for this family and realize they were not des...

To demonstrate how the field of 'globalisation studies'has moved on Annotated Bibliography

To demonstrate how the field of 'globalisation studies'has moved on - Annotated Bibliography Example In addition, Harvey reveals that such ideals are indeed seductive and compelling. To this end, he reiterates that the seductive ideal comes from individual freedom and its ability to captivate a high number of people. The author equally narrates the genesis of neoliberalism as from an international and domestic scale in the 1960’s. In addition, he elaborated how liberalism had failed. Consequently, Harvey narrates how neo-liberalism rose up as a solution to the crisis created by liberalism. The author also challenges the presumed neoliberal advantages. This is in evidently pertinent to the assumption that there is no substitute to neoliberal restructuring. To this end, the author blames neoliberization for the ‘creative destruction’ of powers, institutional frameworks, traditional state sovereignty, welfare provisions, social relations, reproductive functions, technological mixes and ways of life and ideals. Consequently, Harvey’s analysis of such shortcomi ngs is pertinent to the debates in neoliberal

Geared to Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geared to Success - Essay Example One of the things I love to do is playing rugby. It is physically demanding but I love to engage in the sport because of the values such as sportsmanship, teamwork and health benefits I gain from it. Music is another passion that I have engaged in. I can play the guitar drums and keyboard. Looking back to how my parents encouraged me to do a variety of activities in addition to the demands of schoolwork, I now understand that they always wanted me to be exposed to different activities for me to discover my talents and interests. Their efforts paid off because I found out what kind of person I am which affects my planning and decision-making these days. When I went to service trips to Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia, I found out how blessed I am to have a supportive family who sends me to school and provides me with my necessities. I have seen a lot of less fortunate children who need to work at a tender age only to help their family eat a meal. I have seen starving babies whose parent s either cannot work or have no work at all because they do not have any skill or means. In the aforementioned countries that I have visited, I have seen a lot of poverty but I also saw how people strive to live decently. Some worked hard to survive the day but they still continue to do their tasks despite their difficult situations. These situations opened my eyes to the realities of life. They have left such an impression to me that I learned to think about my own life, what I am doing about my situation and the things I plan in order for me to have a better life and continue to impact the lives of other people. The realizations did not come to me in a dramatic manner. At first, the impressions did not sink in my mind but after a number of service trips that I attended, slowly, I have come to see more of other people. I became observant of how they lived and then I compared the life that I am living to their lives. Looking back to my familial background, I then came to an understa nding of why my parents reiterated the value of education to me from time to time. I realized that my former attitude of taking things for granted will definitely bring me to a similar state that the people we visited in the different countries were experiencing. It was then that I resolved to do not just what I can in my studies but that, I will exert my best efforts to excel and succeed. As I continued to think about my future, I decided that business is what I would like to engage in as a professional. I know that there are a lot of good jobs and opportunities for me in the business world. However, I am also aware of the difficulties waiting for me. The world is becoming smaller, so they say. With the internet and other technological advancements, the business world is also becoming smaller and expanding at the same time. Businesses are going global nowadays. This means tough competition among businessmen who come from different parts of the world, with different experiences and ideas that could change global economy and their personal paths to success. Therefore, in addition to the lessons I learned, I also have come to understand the value of graduating from a school with good reputations. I believe that when good things are said about a school, it would be because of the quality of services being offered. I know that schools are a great factor in how a person is molded and informed.

Discuss the Types of Unemployment and the Benefits of Controlling It In the UK Essay Example for Free

Discuss the Types of Unemployment and the Benefits of Controlling It In the UK Essay Unemployment is the number of people out of work who are actively seeking employment at the current wage rates. To be actively seeking work you must be of working age: 16-64 for males and 16-59 for females and not economically inactive. That means you cannot be in full time education, be on a training scheme, have retired early or be raising children at home. To measure unemployment in the UK the government uses two methods to quantify the rate. The first is the Labour Force Survey, in a monthly survey of a sample of households representing the entire population. The surveys are based on the activities of each person of working age in the households, within a one week period. A person who did any work during that week for pay or profit, worked 15 hours or more as an unpaid worker in a family business, or had a job from which he or she was temporarily absent, is counted as employed. A person who was not working but was looking for work or was on a temporary lay-off and available to take a job is counted as unemployed. The second is the claimant count, where the governments collect figures on the number of people claiming unemployment benefits from the DSS. This second method often gives lower values as they is likely to be many people who do not except the benefits, purely on principal or because they do not need the extra cash. There are five main types of unemployment which all affect the economy in different ways. These are cyclical or demand deficient unemployment, frictional unemployment, seasonal unemployment and structural unemployment. The first of these, cyclical or demand deficient unemployment is based around what will happen to demand in a recession. When the economy goes into a recession there is a rise in unemployment as there is insufficient demand within the economy. This is really only a short term cause to unemployment, because when in recession the economy is in disequilibrium. However macroeconomic forces will work to restore the economy to its long run equilibrium, however in the short run there will be unemployment. In a recession the demand curve will shift left to D2. With the wage rate remaining constant at W in the short term there will be unemployment of GE created. In response macroeconomic forces will cause one of two changes. Either the economy will move out of recession, causing the demand curve to shift right and back to the equilibrium point of W , E. Else if the economy stays in recession the forces will cause the wage rate to drop to Y and cause the number of workers employed to rise to F. However as the economy moves out of recession the demand curve will shift right, causing the economy to move back towards its equilibrium at W , E. The second types of unemployment, frictional unemployment is the term used to define workers who have recently lost a job and are in short term unemployment until they find further employment. There is always turnover of labour in a free market, so frictional unemployment is not regarded as a major problem. Seasonal unemployment is when workers work within an industry that only requires them to be employed at certain times of the year. For example in the tourist industry workers tend to work in the summer, but are then laid off in autumn months before taking up their jobs again the next spring. There is very little that can be done to prevent seasonal unemployment in a market where the demand for labour varies throughout the year. Structural unemployment is when the demand for labour is less than the supply in an individual labour market. There are three main examples of this. Regional unemployment, where different areas of the country have different rates of unemployment and because of a lack of factor mobility, labour is not able to freely move between regions and balance unemployment. Sectoral unemployment is when workers from one industry are unable to adapt to a different industry, therefore not being able to follow the changes in demand. Finally if technological unemployment, where technology advances and replaces manual labour, therefore without retraining workers would not have the skills to operate these machines and therefore would not be suitable for the demand of labour. Controlling the rate of unemployment in the UK is going to be a key element in the performance of the UK economy. The rate of unemployment is directly related to real GDP. So in both the short run and the long run if the economy is to grow then unemployment most be controlled. The rate of unemployment will also determine the kind of policy the government will have in place to boost the economy, although this is also based on the type of government in power. The current labour government are Keynesian economists and believe that in the long run there may be mass unemployment. They also use fiscal policy, which is a demand side policy. So their economic goals will depend a lot on the long term unemployment levels that are predicted. If the government are predicting a period of sustained unemployment they are likely to be aiming at lowering inflation. Whereas if they predict full employment they can aim for increased GDP. Because of the shape of the long run aggregate supply curve, both these goals can be achieved without altering any other elements of the economy. To lower inflation the demand function would need to be shifted left. This could be achieved by an increase in the National Insurance contributions of workers. This would cause more of peoples income being taken in taxation leaving them with less money to spend on goods and services, which would cause a decrease in the total demand in the economy. To help increase economic growth the total demand in the economy would need to be increased. This would need a shift left in the demand function, which could be caused by a fall in interest rates. This would cause more people to borrow money and less to save, leaving more money in the economy which will increase the demand for goods and services. If unemployment can be kept low then the costs of unemployment are minimised as well. Not only do the government have to spend less on unemployment benefits but also have less trouble with crime and vandalism, which will also save them valuable money. Also everyone will have more money to spend, not only the previous unemployed, but also previous taxpayers as the government will require less money from them. This will increase total money in the economy and cause the aggregate demand to shift right, which will cause the growth of the economy to increase. So sustainable unemployment is good for the economy as it enables the government to set goals and work towards them around the long term predictions for unemployment rates. This is only an option if unemployment is kept in a boundary. Else if it is too fluctuated then it is hard to judge what the government will need to do from one day to the next. However controlling unemployment may not always be a good thing. For example because unemployment is directly related to economic growth, if you are controlling unemployment then you are also controlling economic growth. This will not be a good thing as the economy is at its most efficient when economic growth is climbing at a rate constant to the economy, not controlled by the government.

My Miracle :: Personal Narrative Writing

My Miracle "Dad, I need to go to Hailey's to borrow a shirt for school tomorrow," I shouted from the back room. It had been a hard week for me. My cheerleading squad was preparing for a performance, and we had been practicing before and after school. While I waited for an answer from my dad, the game show, "Who Wants to be a Millionaire," sounded in the background. "Dad, I am going to run to Hailey's real quick," I repeated my shout. A reply came: "It's snowing pretty hard, wait for my show to end and I will take you. I am on my way to the store anyway." I looked out the window to see snow coming down pretty heavy. On any other day, I would have argued to leave right away, but for some reason I didn't argue. Ten or fifteen minutes later, however, I decided I really needed to go. I said, "Mom just take me, I have a lot of stuff to do tonight." My mom said she didn't want to drive on the bad roads. "Wait for your dad," she told me. So I waited. Finally, the show ended and we were on our way out the door. The roads were slippery and the snow was coming down hard. I looked out the windows of the car and in my mind, I heard my mom reminding me to slide the seat away from the dashboard. I chuckled to myself that a seventeen-year old would be too small to sit with an airbag, but I was. As I slid the seat back, my dad asked, "Cara is your seat belt on?" I fastened my seat belt and stared at the snow. It was a peaceful night; it felt quiet and serene. It felt good to have a few minutes of alone time with my dad. We were lost in conversation, and before I knew it we were in front of Hailey's house. I ran in and waved goodbye to my dad. I found the shirt I wanted, and played a game with Hailey and her sisters while we waited for my dad. We joked about my mismatching outfit that consisted of doctor scrubs, a football sweatshirt, and snow boots. While we were laughing, I noticed the headlights in the driveway and hurried out. I excitedly explained the game we had played to my dad as we drove away from Hailey's house.

Depreciation and Vital Spark Essay

p. 182The New Economy Transport Company (NETCO) was formed in 1955 to carry cargo and passengers between ports in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. By 2008 its fleet had grown to four vessels, including a small dry-cargo vessel, the Vital Spark. The Vital Spark is 25 years old and badly in need of an overhaul. Peter Handy, the finance director, has just been presented with a proposal that would require the following expenditures: Mr. Handy believes that all these outlays could be depreciated for tax purposes in the seven-year MACRS class. NETCO’s chief engineer, McPhail, estimates the postoverhaul operating costs as follows: These costs generally increase with inflation, which is forecasted at 2.5% a year. The Vital Spark is carried on NETCO’s books at a net depreciated value of only $100,000, but could probably be sold â€Å"as is,† along with an extensive inventory of spare parts, for $200,000. The book value of the spare parts inventory is $40,000. Sale of the Vital Spark would generate an immediate tax liability on the difference between sale price and book value. The chief engineer also suggests installation of a brand-new engine and control system, which would cost an extra $600,000.15 This additional equipment would not substantially improve the Vital Spark’s performance, but would result in the following reduced annual fuel, labor, and maintenance costs: Overhaul of the Vital Spark would take it out of service for several months. The overhauled vessel would resume commercial service next year. Based on past experience, Mr. Handy believes that it would generate revenues of about $1.4 million next year, increasing with inflation thereafter. But the Vital Spark cannot continue forever. Even if overhauled, its useful life is probably no more than 10 years, 12 years at the most. Its salvage value when finally taken out of service will be trivial. p. 183 NETCO is a conservatively financed firm in a mature business. It normally evaluates capital investments using an 11% cost of capital. This is a nominal, not a real, rate. NETCO’s tax rate is 35%. QUESTION 1. Calculate the NPV of the proposed overhaul of the Vital Spark, with and without the new engine and control system. To do the calculation, you will have to prepare a spreadsheet table showing all costs after taxes over the vessel’s remaining economic life. Take special care with your assumptions about depreciation tax shields and inflation. New Economy Transport (B) There is no question that the Vital Spark needs an overhaul soon. However, Mr. Handy feels it unwise to proceed without also considering the purchase of a new vessel. Cohn and Doyle, Inc., a Wisconsin shipyard, has approached NETCO with a design incorporating a Kort nozzle, extensively automated navigation and power control systems, and much more comfortable accommodations for the crew. Estimated annual operating costs of the new vessel are: The crew would require additional training to handle the new vessel’s more complex and sophisticated equipment. Training would probably cost $50,000 next year. The estimated operating costs for the new vessel assume that it would be operated in the same way as the Vital Spark. However, the new vessel should be able to handle a larger load on some routes, which could generate additional revenues, net of additional out-of-pocket costs, of as much as $100,000 per year. Moreover, a new vessel would have a useful service life of 20 years or more. Cohn and Doyle offered the new vessel for a fixed price of $3,000,000, payable half immediately and half on delivery next year. Mr. Handy stepped out on the foredeck of the Vital Spark as she chugged down the Cook Inlet. â€Å"A rusty old tub,† he muttered, â€Å"but she’s never let us down. I’ll bet we could keep her going until next year while Cohn and Doyle are building her replacement. We could use up the spare parts to keep her going. We might even be able to sell or scrap her for book value when her replacement arrives. â€Å"But how do I compare the NPV of a new ship with the old Vital Spark? Sure, I could run a 20-year NPV spreadsheet, but I don’t have a clue how the replacement will be used in 2023 or 2028. Maybe I could compare the overall cost of overhauling and operating the Vital Spark to the cost of buying and operating the proposed replacement.† QUESTIONS 1. Calculate and compare the equivalent annual costs of (a) overhauling and operating the Vital Spark for 12 more years, and (b) buying and operating the proposed replacement vessel for 20 years. What should Mr. Handy do if the replacement’s annual costs are the same or lower? 2. Suppose the replacement’s equivalent annual costs are higher than the Vital Spark’s. What additional information should Mr. Handy seek in this case?