Profiles of Famous Sociologists, Past and Present

The Implementation And Dispute Settlement Mechanisms Essay

Secondly, a financial mechanism and a commitment by certain developed country parties to provide financial resources for meeting certain incremental costs and adaption measures. Also, two subsidiary bodies to the Conference of the Parties. In addition, a number of important guiding principles. Lastly, potentially innovative implementation and dispute settlement mechanisms. The UNFCCC is only concerned with climate change caused by human activity. Necessarily this means the convention has to deal with anthropogenic emissions of GHGs. In other words, those gases that have a radioactive effect in the atmosphere. The paramount objective of the agreement is to stabilize GHG atmospheric concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Avoiding dangerous interference is therefore the key benchmark for all action, commitments and programmes agreed under the convention and its auspices. Determining what is dangerous is left to political judgements made in light of scientific findings, economic and societal concerns. Thus advocacy for action to conserve coral reefs need to cover all these areas, and not just the troubling responses of reefs to increased GHG concentrations. Thereafter the convention establishes general principles that are to shape expectations of the parties and direct their action towards meeting the objective. These include inter-generational equity, common but differentiated responsibility, the right ofShow MoreRelatedLdcs’ Benefits And Wto Dsu . Trade Liberalization Has Been1714 Words   |  7 Pagesdoing its job to provide an efficiency, stable and accessible environment to international trades. Increasing of trade laws in dispute settlement as trade-related intellectual rights, countervailing measure, national treatment, anti-dumping and safeguard measure are evidences of their hard works. These rules are enforced through the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding mechanism (DSU). Strong voice DSU has provide to less-developing countries encouragement to participate in order defend and pose theirRead MoreThe Importance of International Trade Regulation Mechanisms Has Risen1672 Words   |  7 PagesSince the global power shift caused by the advent of new political arena - international organization, the importance of international trade regulation mechanisms has risen. Currently, out of dozens of such mechanisms, the World Trade Organization performs its role of the most prominent international economic organization. WTO, established in 1995 as a successor of GATT is aimed at â€Å"helping trade flow as freely as possible† by liberalizing it. It has over 150 state-members and therefore is inevitableRead MoreIntroduction The trade between the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) is estimated at a1400 Words   |  6 Pagesunjustifiable barrier to trade (Johnson, 2012). Therefore, after unsuccessful attempts by the US to reverse the EU’s ban, the US then approached the World Trade Organization (WTO) in January 2009 in hope to resolve this issue through the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) (WTO, 2009). Discussion The WTO and the DSB In 1995 the WTO replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as an international organisation (De Bià ¨vre, 2006, Eskelinen, 2011, Piewitt, 2013). The WTO promoted the CodexRead MoreWto and India8311 Words   |  34 Pagesimport-competing interests - trade agreements usually include dispute settlement mechanisms based on diplomatic and/or adjudicative procedures. Such a dispute settlement mechanism is also included in the multilateral trading system. Based on the rudimentary provisions of two articles in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947, i.e., Article XXll on Consultations and Article XXlll on Nullification or Impairment of Benefits, dispute settlement developed gradually through evolving practice and occasionalRead MoreWto Negotiation Case Study1041 Words   |  5 Pages12(11) of the DSU. This section looks at the utility of these provisions and whether or not they are of any value to developing countries and meet the challenges developing countries meet in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. Analysis of article 8(10) of the DSU: Article 8(10) provides that when a dispute is between a developing country Member and a developed country Member the panel shall, if the developing country Member so requests, include at least one panelist from a developing country MemberRead MoreThe World Trade Organization Is A System Of International Organization1665 Words   |  7 Pagessystem of international governance that contributes to international peace making. Secondly, with the power to settle disputes and make agreements that bind members, an underlying strength of the World Trade Organization is preventing trade disputes evolving into war. The World Trade Organization claims protection creates a lack of confidence and a no-winning situation. Trade disputes and the use of protection within the 1930s are thought of to be a explanation for dynamic the good Depression and warfareRead MoreThe Revitalization Of Asean Role As An Honest Broker3223 Words   |  13 PagesThe Revitalization of ASEAN Role as An Honest Broker in the South China Sea Disputes I. Introduction ASEAN has played a key role in managing the disputes over the South China Sea (SCS) as part of its commitment to promote peace and stability in the region. The disputes were related to territorial claims over Spratly and Paracel islands and maritime boundaries involving four ASEAN members, namely Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam as well as the People’s Republic of ChinaRead MoreNafta At 20 : Overviews And Trade Effects By Villarreal And Fergusson756 Words   |  4 PagesOverviews and Trade Effects† by Villarreal and Fergusson, we are given and account of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Specifically, the article is broken down into four main sections. They are: trade liberalization before the implementation of NAFTA, an overview of NAFTA provisions, trade trends and economic effects, and policy considerations respectively. In each of these sections, the article discusses in detail how what NAFTA is and how it has affected the US , Canadian, and MexicanRead MoreThe Intellectual Property Rights Of The North American Country856 Words   |  4 PagesPlant Variety Protection Office Indian Arts and Crafts Board The dispute settlement Mechanism in the Intellectual Property rights are that as USA is a member of TRIPS with many countries; they are under the rules and regulation of WTO. In addition to that the World Intellectual Property Organization. ITC, an independent body resolves the intellectual property settles IP disputes. According to the WIPO, there is a dispute settlement mechanism which is very flexible and not taken in the court. The majorRead MoreGlobalization And The Environment : Good And Bad Results928 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide context, give a mechanism that could assist with managing the issue, as well as identifying how each can help with the implementation of managing the resource. I. The Net Gains of Globalization 1) Issue: Globalization has a positive effect on the environment through the active regu-lation of the entire timber trade process. a) Summary: When companies are regulated in the amount of timber that is ex-ported, this can help to limit the amount of deforestation. b) Mechanism: One agency best able

The Floating Leaf Disk Assay for Investigating Photosynthesis Free Essays

Trying to find a good, quantitative procedure that students can use for exploring photosynthesis is a challenge. The standard procedures such as counting oxygen bubbles generated by an elodea stem tend to not be â€Å"student† proof or reliable. This is a particular problem if your laboratory instruction emphasizes student-generated questions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Floating Leaf Disk Assay for Investigating Photosynthesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the years, I have found the floating leaf disk assay technique to be reliable and understandable to students. Once the students are familiar with the technique they can readily design experiments to answer their own questions about photosynthesis.The biology behind the prodedure: Leaf disks float, normally. When the air spaces are infiltrated with solution the overall density of the leaf disk increases and the disk sinks. The infiltration solution includes a small amount of Sodium bicarbonate. Bicarbonate ion serves as the carbon source for photosynthesis. As photosynthesis proceeds oxygen is released into the interior of the leaf which changes the buoyancy–causing the disks to rise. Since cellular respiration is taking place at the same time, consuming oxygen, the rate that the disks rise is an indirect measurement of the net rate of photosynthesis.Basis for leaf disk Materials: * Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda) * Liquid SoapPlastic syringe (10 cc or larger)—remove any needle! * Leaf material * Hole punch * Plastic cups * Timer * Light source Materials image Optional: * Buffer Solutions * Colored Cellophane or filters * Leaf material of different ages * Variegated leaf material * Clear Nail polish Procedure: * Prepare 300 ml of bicarbonate solution for each trial. o Bic arb photo o The bicarbonate serves as an alternate dissolved source of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Prepare a 0. 2% solution. This is not very much it is only about 1/8 of a teaspoon of baking soda in 300 ml of water. ) o Add 1 drop of dilute liquid soap to this solution. The soap wets the hydrophobic surface of the leaf allowing the solution to be drawn into the leaf. It’s difficult to quantify this since liquid soaps vary in concentration. Avoid suds. If your solution generates suds then dilute it with more bicarbonate solution. soap * Cut 10 or more uniform leaf disks for each trial. Leaf Disks o Single hole punches work well for this but stout plastic straws will work as well. Choice of the leaf material is perhaps the most critical aspect of this procedure. The leaf surface should be smooth and not too thick. Avoid plants with hairy leaves. Ivy, fresh spinach, Wisconsin Fast Plant cotyledons–all work well. Ivy seems to provide very consistent results. Many different plant leaves work for this lab. My classes have found that in the spring, Pokeweed may be the best choice. o Avoid major veins. * Infiltrate the leaf disks with sodium bicarbonate solution. o Remove the piston or plunger and place the leaf disks into the syringe barrel.Replace the plunger being careful not to crush the leaf disks. Push on the plunger until only a small volume of air and leaf disk remain in the barrel (lt; 10%). Disks in syringe o Pull a small volume of sodium bicarbonate solution into the syringe. Tap the syringe to suspend the leaf disks in the solution. o Holding a finger over the syringe-opening, draw back on the plunger to create a vacuum. Hold this vacuum for about 10 seconds. While holding the vacuum, swirl the leaf disks to suspend them in the solution. Let off the vacuum. The bicarbonate solution will infiltrate the air spaces in the leaf causing the disks to sink. You will probably have to repeat this procedure 2-3 times in order to get the disks to sink. If you have difficulty getting your disks to sink after about 3 evacuations, it is usually because there is not enough soap in the solution. Add a few more drops of soap. Evacuating leaf disks Sunk * Pour the disks and solution into a clear plastic cup. Add bicarbonate solution to a depth of about 3 centimeters. Use the same depth for each trial. Shallower depths work just as well.Start * For a control infiltrate leaf disks with a solution of only water with a drop of soap–no bicarbonate. * Place under the light source and start the timer. At the end of each minute, record the number of floating disks. Then swirl the disks to dislodge any that are stuck against the sides of the cups. Continue until all of the disks are floating. Rising Data Collection and Analysis These data are from an demonstration investigation using grape ivy leaf disks. Minutes Disks 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11 4 12 7 13 8 14 10The point at which 50% of the leaf disks are floating (the median) is the point of reference for this procedure. By extrapolating from the graph, the 50% floating point is about 11. 5 minutes. Using the 50% point provides a greater degree of reliability and repeatability for this procedure. As Steucek, et. al. (1985) described this term is referred to as the ET50. Graph The problem with ET50 is that it goes down as the rate of photosynthesis goes up–it is an inverse relationship and creates the following type of graph (data from Steucek, et al. 1985. ): InverseTo correct for this representation of the data and present a graph that shows increasing rates of photosynthesis with a positive slope the ET50 term can be modified by taking the inverse or 1/ET50. This creates a graph like this(data from Steucek, et al. 1985. ): Direct Extension: In this graph, the light was turned off at 14 minutes and the cups with their floating disks (grape ivy) were placed in the dark. Photosynthesis and Respiration Every minute, I removed the dark cover and counted how many were still floating. Then I stirred the disks. Note that after a while the disks begin to sink.Why? Cellular respiration removes the oxygen from the cell spaces. The rate that the disks sink is an indirect measure of the rate of cellular respiration. Can you think of a way to how you might measure the gross rate of photosynthesis with this technique?Print and Web Resources: Wickliff, J. L. and Chasson, R. M. 1964. Measurement of photosynthesis in plant tissues using bicarbonate solutions. Bioscience, 14: 32-33. Steucek, Guy L. Robert J. Hill and Class/Summer 1982. 1985. Photosynthesis I: An Assay Utilizing Leaf Disks. The American Biology Teacher, 47(2):96-99. Tatina, Robert E. 1986. Improvements to the Steucek and Hill Assay of Photosynthesis. The American Biology Teacher, 48(6): 364-366. Juliao, Fernando and Henry C. Butcher IV. 1989. Further Improvements to the Steucek and Hill Assay of Photosynthesis. The American Biology Teacher, 51(3): 174-176. Armstrong, Joeseph E. 1995. Investigation of Photosynthesis using the Floating Leaf Disk Assy. http://www. bio. ilstu. edu/Armstrong/biolab/cellbio/psynex1. htm Rukes, Kari L. and Timothy J. Mulkey. 1994. Measurement on the Effects of Light Quality and Other Factors on the Rate of Photosynthesis. Bioscene, 20(3): 7-11. ttp://www. acube. org/volume_20/v20-3p7-11. pdf Greenler, John. 1990. Exploring Photosynthesis with Fast Plants. WisconsinFast Plant Notes, 4(1): 4-5. http://www. fastplants. org/pdf/activities/exploring_photosynthesis. pdf BioPi listserv archives. http://listserv. ksu. edu/archives/biopi-l. html Enter the â€Å"Leaf Disks† for a search to review a thread on the technique. Dan Mott attached a copy of his lab using this technique to one of his postings. Richard, David S. Measure of Photosynthetic Rate In Spinach Leaf Disks http://www. susqu. edu/FacStaff/r/richard/photosynthlab. html How to cite The Floating Leaf Disk Assay for Investigating Photosynthesis, Papers